Immunohistochemical study of p16 INK4A and survivin expressions in cervical squamous neoplasm.

Introduction:Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting Malaysian women. Despite the implementation of pap smear screening, many women are still diagnosed only in the advanced stage of cervical cancer. This could partly be due to failure of detection of its precursor lesions; hence the need to search for novel biomarkers to assist in the screening and diagnosis of cervical neoplasia. This study aims to determine the expression of p16INK4A and survivin as possible predictive biomarkers in cervical squamous neoplasm. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study on 201 cases of cervical neoplasm comprising of 129 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 72 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). All samples were evaluated by two independent observers using p16INK4A and survivin monoclonal antibodies. The p16 INK4A expression was graded as negative, focal and diffuse positivity. The intensity for survivin expression was graded as weak, moderate and intense. Results: It is seen that p16 INK4A expression in CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3 were 25.4%, 42.9% and 95.9% respectively. Majority of SCC (98.6%) showed p16 INK4A expression. Survivin expressions in CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3 and SCC were 56.7%, 33.4%, 87.5% and 98.6%. There was a linear relationship between increasing grade of CIN and p16 INK4A expressions. Conclusion: Our study showed that p16 INK4A expressions correlate well with the increasing grade of CIN. Although survivin does not correlate well to the increasing grade of CIN, it could be useful in differentiating CIN 3 from SCC.

Prevalence of pre-menstrual syndrome in young girls

Prevalence of pre-menstrual syndrome[PMS] was determined in 100 girls in age group 16-22 years, belonging to a medical college. Out of total 66.66% had PMS. Major complaints were aches and pains, pre-menstrual dysmenorrhoea and mood swings

Prevalence of hepatitis B in pregnant females

Hepatitis B during pregnancy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. A study was conducted on 1000 pregnant females at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital to find out the prevalence of Hepatitis B in pregnant females. 18 [1.8%] were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen positive thus showing a high prevalence rate for this disease in the study population

Hysterosalpingography as a diagnostic tool in patients with infertility

To evaluate the role of HSG as a diagnostic tool in a tubal factor infertility. HSG was performed on 100 infertile patients after excluding other causes of infertility. Tubal factor was found in 34% of patients as a cause of infertility

Clinical manifestations of benign ovarian tumours

To examine the cases of Benign Ovarian Tumours and their clinical manifestations. Prospective study of consecutive cases of Ovarian tumours, identified using gynaecological case records. Tertiary care teaching hospital affiliated with Fatima Jinnah Medical College Lahore, managing more than 1500 gynaecological cases annually. 50 cases of Ovarian tumours managed in Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore between 1st May 2004 to 1st May 2005. The most common presenting complaints were abdominal pain or discomfort and palpable tumour causing abdominal distension. Abdominal pain was present in 70% of benign ovarian tumours. 20% of the patients had pain due to torsion of ovarian cyst. The complaint of a palpable tumour was found in 4 7% of cases. Vague abdominal and bowel complaints were present in 2 2.5% of cases. 6[15%] patients were asymptomatic. Of these 2 were diagnosed by ultrasound and 3 at the time of emergency Cesarean section and one on routine pelvic examination. Menstrual irregularity and urinary complaints were present in a small number of patients. None of the patient complaint of weight loss or post menopausal bleeding. Benign Ovarian Tumours are most common cause of ovarian enlargement and a very common cause of hospital admission. Symptoms and signs are non specific and presentation is a late stage

Prevalence and perinatal mortality of cord prolapse and presentation

To analyse the prevalence and perinatal mortality in cord prolapse. All cases of cord prolapse managed in gynae unit 3 at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital were identified. From 20 March 2004 to 20 March 2005. 23 patients of cord prolapse and presentation were identified During this time 5408 births took place giving a prevalence of I in 235 total births which comes upto 0.42%. There were 6 cases of cord presentation [0.11%] and 17 cases of cord prolapse [0.31%].19 cases were born alive[82.6%]. There were 4 still births giving a still birth rate of 17.4% or 174/1000 births with cord prolapse and presentation. One neonatal death occurred among 19 live born babies giving a rate of 5.21% or 52.1/1000 live births. The uncorrected perinatal mortality was 217/1000 births or 21.7% with cord prolapse and presentation. Cord prolapse and presentation occur with prevalence of 0.43% The perinatal mortality rate in this series was 21.7% of births with cord prolapse and presentation